The NSA's phone-tapping of German chancellor Angela Merkel, the person in charge of Europe's largest economy and the most powerful woman in the world, was a crisis for two close allies when it was reported in October of 2013. But the story, one of the most consequential items to come from Edward Snowden's leaked of about 200,000 government, now appears to rest on remarkably shaky ground. Germany's top public prosecutor says Berlin has hasn't found any evidence proving there ever was a tap on Merkel. "There is no proof at the moment which could lead to charges that Chancellor Merkel's phone connection data was collected or her calls tapped," prosecutor Harald Range said, according to Reuters. Furthermore, he noted that the "the document presented in public as proof of an actual tapping of the mobile phone is not an authentic surveillance order by the NSA. It does not come from the NSA database." Der Spiegel based its October 2013 story on research by reporters "in Berlin and Washington, talks with intelligence officials and the evaluation of internal documents of the US' National Security Agency and other information, most of which comes from the archive of former NSA contractor Edward Snowden." The report states that the tapping allegations was "suggested by a document that apparently comes from an NSA database in which the agency records its targets. This document, which SPIEGEL has seen, is what set the cellphone scandal in motion." The paper stands by the Merkel phone story, saying that their reporters had access to information from an NSA database and confirmed that the NSA was tapping Merkel's unencrypted phone. Der Spiegel acknowledges that the report was based on a copy of an NSA document (as opposed to an original from a database). Its complicated, but it seems that Spiegel created an NSA "intercept" based on a description of such a document. http://t.co/W0VsckN8fx — Jeffrey Lewis (@ArmsControlWonk) December 12, 2014 The situation is astonishing considering the stir that the Merkel phone tap caused at the time it was reported and its continuing impact on US-German relations. "The German press has worked itself into a state of self-righteous hysteria; the German foreign minister is talking about severing alliances and suspending trade discussions," author and columnist Anne Applebaum wrote in November of 2013, calling the controversy "the worst crisis in German-American relations in decades." In a profile of Merkel in the New Yorker this month, George Packer chronicled the still-unfolding consequences of the NSA revelation. "With the German public the sense of betrayal was deep ... particularly because Obama, while promising that the eavesdropping had stopped, never publicly apologized," Packer wrote. He reported that Germany asked for a "no-spy agreement" with the US and was refused. This past July, Germany expelled the CIA station chief in Berlin after a bureaucrat for Germany's intelligence service was caught passing documents to the Agency. The NSA uproar gave deeper public and political resonance to what would might have been an otherwise-minor incident. As Packer put it, "The spying scandals have undermined German public support for the NATO alliance just when it’s needed most in the standoff with Russia." They've also badly eroded a longstanding sense of trust in the US, forcing US and German officials to "agree to create a framework for clearer rules about spying and intelligence sharing." Today, "barely half the German public now expresses a favorable view of the US — the lowest level in Europe, other than in perpetually hostile Greece." Now it turns out the precipitating event for one of the major developments in post-war trans-Atlantic relations might never have actually happened, raising uncomfortable questions about journalists who are close to Snowden. The lead writer on the story was Jacob Appelbaum, an encryption activist who has been called the "American WikiLeaks Hacker" and is a close friend of American journalist and Der Spiegel contributor Laura Poitras. Poitras, who received a set of documents from Snowden, brought in Appelbaum in to vet Snowden. In December 2013, Appelbaum and Poitras published a report with detailed information about the NSA's elite TAO hackers and published a catalog of tools, created by TAO's technical expert division (known as ANT), used to hack into computers. In December 2012, Snowden threw a Crypto Party with Appelbaum's former colleague at the Tor project, Runa Sandvik. Amanda Macias contributed to this report.SEE ALSO: We Now Know A Lot More About Edward Snowden's Epic Heist — And It's Troubling Join the conversation about this story »
Welcome, 77 artists, 40 different points of Attica welcomes you by singing Erotokritos an epic romance written at 1713 by Vitsentzos Kornaros
Friday, December 12, 2014
Greek, Turkish FMs discuss Cyprus
Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu and Greek Deputy Vice President and Foreign Minister Evangelos Venizelos have met in Greece to discuss steps to de-escalate tensions over the divided island of Cyprus. The pair met in Thessaloniki on Friday as ...
Greece says embassy attack won't affect Greek-Israeli ties
Greece insisted on Friday that it would not be deterred from pursuing closer ties with Israel after gunmen opened fire on the Israeli Embassy in Athens, ...
Greek Org of Football Prognostics : Transactions Notification
OPAP S.A., pursuant to Law 3340/2005, Law 3556/2007 and Capital Market Commission's decision No. 3/347/12.07.2005, announces that under the "obligation of transactions notification" the following liable person informed the company on the following: · Mrs ...
Man Charged In Greece Home Invasion Charged In Two Other Incidents
Greece, N.Y. - Clarence Lambert, a suspect in a Greece home invasion robbery is now being charged in connection with two others home invasions.
Çavuşoğlu and Greek foreign minister discuss Cyprus issue
Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and his Greek counterpart Evangelos Venizelos met to discuss the suspended Cyprus peace talks ahead of a ...
Shots fired at Israeli Embassy building in Greek capital
A Greek urban guerrilla group, the People's Fighters Group, claimed responsibility in February for the gun attack on the German ambassador's ...
Greek Police: 'Far-Left Group' Behind Attack on Israeli Embassy
Greek police says rifles used in attack on the Israeli embassy were used in similar attack on the residence of the German ambassador.
Greece says embassy attack won't affect Greek-Israeli ties
Greece insisted on Friday that it would not be deterred from pursuing closer ties with Israel after gunmen opened fire on the Israeli Embassy in Athens, an attack that police believe was carried out by urban guerrillas calling themselves the Popular Fight... ...
Hoteliers report slowdown in 2015 bookings
The bad press Greece has received in the last week owing to possible political and economic developments has had an immediate impact on tourism bookings for 2015, according to the president of the Association of Hellenic Tourism Enterprises (SETE), Andrea... ...
Stormy Grexit tragedy is European farce
A Greek crisis would draw away attention from much bigger problems, says John Dizard
Temple of Artemis in Vavrona Flooded
The archaeological site of Vavrona, near Athens, Greece, flooded today after several hours of non stop torrential rain and within a few hours, the temple, dedicated to goddess Artemis, was turned into a lake as the muddy water covered the entire area. Mud and water covered the ancient temple’s marble columns, while indicative of the amount of water that fell during the last 24 hours in the Attica region is that, based on meteorological data, almost 1/7 of the entire year’s rainfall occurred in the last few days. Four stations of the National Observatory in Euboea (Zarakes, Setta, Steni and Styra) recorded more than 80mm of rain each, meaning that some 80 tons of water fell within an acre. It should be noted that the extreme rainfall throughout the country and especially in northern Greece, and particularly in Thrace, has caused the flooding of Evros river. The residents of Ormenio village were in danger after a nearby Evros river levee broke and the village has been evacuated.
Thirty-Five Car Pileup Near Athens; One Dead
A pileup with some 35 vehicles occurred at around 6:30 pm today on the 61st kilometer of the National Road connecting the capital city of Athens with the town of Lamia in central Greece, a small distance from the old toll station of Schimatari. According to the first information, one woman lost her life and many more were injured, while three suffered heavy injuries. All wounded drivers and passengers were immediately transferred to the hospital of Halkida. The first reports from the scene reveal that the young woman died due to heavy injury while she was being transferred to the hospital, while larger hospitals in Athens are already standing by in order to host those suffering various injuries. Furthermore, as the Greek Fire Department stated, the cars involved are more than 35, including a public bus carrying students and a lorry. Eight ambulances, a mobile first aid unit and a large number of firemen arrived on the scene a few minutes after the incident, which, according to some drivers, was partly caused due to the heavy rain and deficient traffic signing, as road works are being performed during the last six months.
Storm of warnings hits Greece
Credit rating agency Moody’s has warned it might downgrade Greece in case of snap polls, while investment firm Goldman Sachs said there is a possibility that a cap will be set on bank withdrawals in Greece, as was the case in Cyprus. In an analysis publis... ...
BAT plans to invest 30 mln euros in Greece next year
British American Tobacco Hellas, the local subsidiary of the multinational tobacco giant, is planning to invest more than 30 million euros in Greece in the 2015 financial year, chairman and chief executive officer Gianpiero Pazzanese told Kathimerini in a... ...
Revenue shortfall puts target at risk
At the end of November Greece was on course to exceed its revised target for the primary surplus of the 2014 budget, with revenues exceeding expenditure by 3.5 billion euros or 2 percent of gross domestic product. However December’s target for 8.43 billio... ...
Store owners pin hopes on Sunday spending
Greeks retailers say that their turnover declined by 20-25 percent in the first 10 days of December compared to the same period last year, while they are hoping that the fact stores will be allowed to open on the three remaining Sundays of the month will ... ...
Car of missing former head of Bulgarian security agency entered Greece – reports
The car in which the missing former head of Bulgaria's State Agency for National Security Petko Sertov was travelling crossed the border into Greece ...
Greece crisis fears return
Since Samaras formed the present coalition in mid-2012, Greece's economy has started to recover. In April, it returned to the bond market for the first ...
Greece to hold series of events on Genocide centenary
PanARMENIAN.Net - Greece will hold a series of events in commemoration of the Armenian Genocide centennial, with preparations currently in ...
APOLLO-RIDGE: Greek-themed party held to wrap up unit on Greece
Paes lived in Greece for seven years during her childhood. She explained to the class how different it was living in Greece compared to the United ...
Investors' worries about Greece push Greek 10-year yield above 9 per cent.
The market's latest worry about Greece is related to a political fight over choosing a successor to President Karolos Papoulias, Greece's 85-year old ...
More Syrian protesters accept shelter, asylum
Out of a total of 330 Syrian refugees, among them children, sleeping rough on Syntagma Square for nearly three weeks, 50 have accepted an offer of shelter from the City of Athens and will be applying for asylum in Greece rather than continuing their prote... ...
Greek, Turkish FMs agree to joint Cyprus visit
The foreign ministers of Greece and Turkey agreed on Friday to make a joint visit to Cyprus to hold talks with President Nicos Anastasiades in an effort to break the deadlock in the island’s peace talks. Evangelos Venizelos and Mevlut Cavusoglu met in The... ...
Man accused of attempted bribery by Independent Greeks denies allegations
Giorgos Soukouris, the man accused by Independent Greeks of trying to bribe one of its MPs to secure her vote for the government in the presidential elections, denied the allegations Friday when he appeared before appeals court prosecutor Panayiotis Panay... ...
Parga olive oil withdrawn
Greece’s food watchdog said Friday that it has asked for the Parga brand of olive oil in 5-liter tins to be removed from stores after it was deemed unsuitable for consumption. The olive oil is produced by the Georgios Zotos firm in Preveza, northwestern G... ...
Seven face trial in false disability scam
Seven are to stand trial for forgery after allegedly helping some 250 people try to gain disability payments with false paperwork. Authorities said that if the scam had succeeded it would have cost the Greek state some 700,000 euros. The seven suspects ha... ...
Greece: Armed terrorist attack against the embassy of Israel
The Greek counter-terrorism service is on high alert after two terrorist attacks that two place in Athens in the past 48 hours. At about 3am on December ...
Greece schools seek Heart Safe School Accreditation
“We are proud Greece Central School District is the largest district in New York State to be recognized as a CPR Smart School by the American Heart ...
Will National Bank Of Greece (ADR) (NBG) Stock Hit Further Low?
National Bank of Greece (ADR) (NYSE:NBG) witnessed one of the worst days of fall on Thursday dragging its stock to a 52-week low. It was not the ...
If I were queen for the day I would send children into the wilderness
Parents, be ready to pack your children off with just a kiss and a bag of essentials – and mobile phones are not allowedIf I were queen, I would send schoolchildren off into the wilds. They need to break out of our cosy world of convenience and instant access to digital everything, and get active. I imagine that it would be tough to fit in more time in the national curriculum for sport, activity and expeditions. But I’m queen, right? So my rules apply.I would point sceptics to the original meaning of the word “school”. It comes from the Greek word schole, which doesn’t mean “years sitting in enclosed spaces preparing for exams”. It means “leisure”: the time people spend on finding out new things, having the freedom to get out and learn about themselves. Continue reading...
EU Can't Tell Greeks How to Vote
A disturbing feature of how the European Union sometimes conducts itself is a basic lack of respect for basic tenets of democracy. Comments this ...
Black Greek organizations hatch protesting strategies
The competing pressures were exemplified last weekend when black Greek members and alumni participated in lay down protests across the country ...
Ancient Greece: See it in person, or get a taste in Montreal at a new exhibit
The past can be irritating. This is especially true if you’re touring a country with such a plenitude of past that it borders on surfeit. In the late 19th century, Henry James famously decried America’s lack of castles, ivied ruins, pictures and ...
World stock markets tumble as FTSE suffers worst weekly fall since 2011
Fears over Chinese economy, plunging oil price and Greece wipe £112bn from top UK equities as 100 index hits 6300.63Global stock markets continued to tumble on Friday, pushing the FTSE 100 to its worst weekly fall for more than three years. The slump has seen £112bn wiped off the value of Britain’s leading companies since Monday.Investors headed for the exits amid growing fears about the Chinese economy, a tumbling oil price and the prospect of a new eurozone crisis prompted by political uncertainty in Greece. Continue reading...
McGill, Greek-Canadian community come together to strengthen Modern Greek Studies
New gift of $1.2-million from community leaders will endow Chair in perpetuity while supporting vital research and scholarship A $1.2-million gift to McGill from leaders of Canada’s Greek community will strengthen Modern Greek research and scholarship at ...
European Stocks See Their Worst Week Since 2011
European stocks suffered their biggest weekly loss since mid-2011 as oil prices continue to crumble. Here's a chart from the London Stock Exchange: According to Reuters, the 5.8% loss for the STOXX Europe 600 index was the largest weekly loss in more than three years. This drop represented a wipeout in market capitalisation of roughly $524 billion or more than twice the size of Greece's GDP, Reuters reported. Stocks in Britain also fell this week, with the benchmark FTSE 100 falling 1.5%, its biggest weekly loss in more than two years. "Traders are assessing the impact of the fall in oil prices and selling positions in major oil producers. This is adding to the FTSE's demise along with weaker data from China," Tom Robertson, a senior trader at Accendo Markets, told Reuters. Here's the scorecard of the major energy stocks at Friday's close: BG Group: -25.60 (-3.03%) BP: -12.97 (-3.25%) Glencore: -6.97 (-2.37%) Rio Tinto: -67.50 (-2.46%) Royal Dutch Shell: -68.00 (-3.24%) To find a similar drop, one must go back to debt crisis of 2011.Join the conversation about this story »
Lawsuit over Greece crash death dismissed
A lawsuit alleging Greece police bungled an investigation into the 2005 crash on West Ridge Road that killed 18-year-old Stephanie Oliva has been ...
Don't Vote 'Wrong' Way, Europe Chief Tells Greece
"I would like Greece to be governed by people with an eye on and a heart for the many little people in Greece -- and there are many --and also ...
Airlines go into reverse after London airspace problems, as FTSE slumps
Leading shares drop nearly 2.5% as oil price decline and global worries continueWith oil prices tumbling, worries about global economic growth and Greek political turmoil, the FTSE 100 fell sharply despite a positive performance from leading water companies.Some £41bn was wiped off the value of the leading index, making a loss of £112bn for the week. The index closed down 161.07 points or 2.49% lower at 6300.63, close to its lowest level of the day, with commodity stocks among the main fallers. Continue reading...
Syrian Refugees of Syntagma Square to be Housed by Athens Municipality
Fruitful was finally the meeting held earlier today between the Greek Interior Ministry’s Secretary General, Angelos Syrigos, Athens Mayor Giorgos Kaminis and the representatives of the Syrian refugees who have been in a sitting protest for more than 20 days in Syntagma square, across the Parliament in downtown Athens, Greece. The Syrian refugees submitted a list to Syrigos, containing 603 names of asylum seekers, and 50 refugees left the square in order to be housed at municipal social structures, while the remaining ones will also be settled over the weekend. It should be noted that a number of them went on a hunger strike on Monday, November 24. The protesters have taped their mouths shut and demanded asylum as well as medical assistance. Last week, Syrigos expressed the Greek government’s will to find a solution to their problem. Speaking at a press conference, Syrigos explained that granting them a political asylum is the only legal and possible solution. He said that this is a possibility that will provide them the right to travel to other European Union countries, but not permanently reside and work there. Talking to Greek newspaper “Kathimerini,” Syrigos revealed that the Greek government is also willing to ask from northern European countries to grant asylum to the 200 Syrian refugees, although he underlined that it does not expect to get a positive response in this request. During the long-standing protest, two of the Syrian refugees lost their lives. According to their compatriots, one died in his attempt to cross the Greek-Albanian border in order to continue his journey to Europe, and the second died while being hospitalized, after suffering a heart attack.
Greece home invasion robbery suspect charged in third home invasion
In the Greece home invasion, investigators say Clarence Lambert, along with Gary Lambert and Jessica Moscicki, broke into a home on Polo Place in ...
Turmoil in Greece seem better contained this time thanks to eurozone safeguards
Greece's conservative Prime Minister Antonis Samaras, addresses conservative party members of parliament, in Athens, Thursday, Dec. 11, 2014. Samaras has called a vote in parliament this month for a new Greek president _ a ballot that could trigger and ...
Europe Is Following Italy Into A Minefield Of Permanent Austerity And Debt Crises
Europe is about to fall into deflation. With oil prices now below $60, negative price growth is pretty much certain in the eurozone early next year. The good news is that economists are projecting that Europe's deflation will be brief and mild. After a few months below zero, inflation will begin to rise again later in 2015, to 0.1% for 2015, according to Capital Economics. Most analysts think it will then pick up a little bit further over the following couple of years. Of course, most also predicted that Europe would not fall into deflation at all. So what if Europe, like Japan, fell into a long period of mild deflation? In that sort of scenario, Italy is Europe's biggest worry. Its economy is around eight times the size of Greece's, so it's a systemic risk for the whole of the continent that can't be easily isolated. If Italy sneezes, the rest of Europe can expect to catch a cold. The main problem for Italy is government debt. Here's what Italy's public debt forecast looks like with no growth and no inflation: This isn't a completely unbelievable scenario. In US dollars, Italy's trend growth between 1995 and 2011 was just 1%. Combine that with 1% deflation, and you would get the same scenario. That's what's really important here: nominal growth. (You want a bit of inflation combined with GDP growth because that makes you debts easier to pay — you're using today's money, which is now less valuable, to pay yesterday's debts whose prices are fixed.) If you don't have it, dealing with your debts is much more difficult. So there are two possibilities for Italy. The first is a debt crisis: bondholders become convinced that Italy's debt is unsustainable, and stop believing that European institutions are willing to come to its aid. In this circumstance, Italy would be forced into an incredibly damaging default. That's the worst-case scenario. But even the best case scenario is awful. With debt accelerating as a proportion of the economy, and debt interest payments rising, attempts to bring borrowing down by cutting spending and raising taxes leave the country with permanent austerity, even if there isn't a sovereign debt crisis. And austerity tends to hurt economic growth — which makes Italy's ability to pay its debts even worse. According to the consultancy Oxford Economics: "Although the emergency phase of fiscal tightening may be over in the Eurozone, a decade of discipline seems necessary if defaults are to be avoided with certainty." After five years of only moderately successful belt-tightening and a lot of pain, another 10 years sounds pretty bleak. And the deflationary pressure is coming on at maybe the worst possible time for Europe's public finances. Taking Italy as the worst example again, here's the country's dependency ratio: It might look a little complicated, but that's simply the number of 35-54 year olds for every person aged over 60. In about 15 years time, it'll be a 1:1 ratio. Every worker's wages will be supporting one person who doesn't work. In Japan, the fact that the population is ageing has made deflation more difficult to deal with: The number of people in employment is shrinking, so demand is likely to fall with it. If there's the same supply of say, new cars, but fewer people wanting them, the price is likely to drop. Thrifty old people aren't as big on consumption as people with working incomes. This effect also raises government spending, because old people are expensive. Pensions frequently aren't well-funded and healthcare costs a lot of money, which exacerbates the government debt chart above. But the Japanese economy is still a lot more healthy than Italy's. In Japan, unemployment peaked below 6% in the aftermath of the financial crisis. In comparison, Italian unemployment was at 6% just before the crash. That's a really good level for Italy, where unemployment is currently above 13%. That's one of the reasons that markets consider Japanese debt to be a much less risky bet than Italian debt, so its 10-year bond yields (a common measure of how much it costs a country to service its debt) are much lower and have been for a very long time. Japan also has its own central bank, so in an emergency, it can buy its own bonds to stave off a debt crisis. As a member of the euro, it no longer has that ability. This isn't just a problem for Italy, but one that Europe is facing in general. Europe's working age population peaked about four years ago. Assuming there's no dramatic extra influx of working-age immigrants, it's all downhill from here for that figure. You don't have to be a Krugman-style Keynesian to see how damaging this is. Noted definite non-Keynesian economist Tyler Cowen has proposed a new sort of inflation target for the eurozone, in which it must aim for a minimum of 3% inflation in each of the four largest economies (Spain, Italy, France and Germany). Some monetarists like Scott Sumner favour a nominal growth domestic product target for the bloc. That's a complicated way of saying the European Central Bank should be trying to encourage a combination of economic growth and inflation, both of which have tumbled to practically nothing in Europe. Hopefully most economists will be right, and Europe's dip into inflation will be brief. And hopefully if the European Central Bank goes for a round of quantitative easing, it will help to bring inflation back upwards. And hopefully successful economic reforms make Europe's growth a lot stronger. But if they don't, Europe's outlook is very, very bleak. Join the conversation about this story »
Greek Main Opposition SYRIZA Disappointed by European Commission President Statements
The intense reaction of Greek main opposition SYRIZA caused the statements of European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, who appeared to support the country’s current government in the possibility of snap elections triggered after an unsuccessful vote for the new President of the Hellenic Republic later this month. Circles close to the Greek leftist party, as reported by the Athens-Macedonian News Agency, expressed their disappointment with Juncker’s comments, highlighting, though, that it is “understandable that the proponents of the Memorandum policies both in Greece and Europe mutually support each other.” According to the same sources, the majority of the European people and the European officials “stand with respect at the will of the Greek people,” while they even introduced the possibility of redefining the dominant policies within Europe. It should be noted that Juncker, while speaking at an Austrian TV network, estimated that “I think that the Greeks – who are having a very difficult life – know very well what a wrong election result would mean for Greece and the Eurozone,” having previously indicated that he “has done everything in his power so that Greece remains in the Euro.” Furthermore, Juncker said that he would like the country to be ruled by people who “understand the necessity of European processes.” Finally, the European Commission President, vicariously referring to SYRIZA, said that although he is avoiding to be engaged in national election issues, he would not want to see “radical forces” in the leadership of Greece and would rather prefer “familiar faces.”
Orphan Baby Seal Rescued in Greece
An orphan baby seal from an endangered species was rescued 25 days ago by a Greek animal rescue organization, MOm. According to organization representatives, the seal is expected to make a full recovery after its treatment at a zoo in Spata, near Athens, Greece. Andriana, the one-month old female monk seal was found on the island of Skopelos in the Aegean Sea by local residents in November. Her condition was critical since she had been separated for her mother for nearly a week. The pup was quickly transferred to the Attica Zoological Park by MOm. The orphan monk seal is currently in an intensive treatment program at MOm’s Mediterranean monk seal First Aid Unit and, according to rescue coordinator Marianna Psaradellis, she is responding well to medication, while she has also gained weight. If her health remains stable, then she will be released at a protected marine park on the Greek island of Allonissos in March 2015. MOm, The Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal, is a Greek non–governmental environmental organization with the legal status of a Non–profit association. MOm is active in the protection and promotion of the coastal and marine environment of Greece, through the protection of the Mediterranean monk seal, which is the only seal species in the Mediterranean Sea and the most endangered seal on earth.
Greek Crisis 2.0? Not quite yet
ATHENS, Greece (AP) — Greek stocks and bonds have been hammered this week, a reminder of the bad old days of Europe's debt crisis when the very future of the euro currency was called into question.
The Snap Greek Presidential Elections
On November 13th, I wrote an article on this website on how to take advantage of a possible turnaround in the Greek economy, because of certain ...
Treasuries Rally on Oil Plunge Before Fed Meets on Rates Stance
The notes gained for a fifth day as China's economy slowed in November as factory shutdowns exacerbated weaker demand, while Greek bond fells ...
Turkish FM to Greek counterpart: Let's visit Greek Cypriot leader
Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu (R) and his Greek counterpart Evangelos Venizelos shake hands after a news conference in Ankara, Nov.