There has been an ongoing debate over the British government’s commitment to spend 0.7% of the UK’s gross national income (GNI) on foreign aid. First achieved in 2013, and enshrined in law by the Conservative-Liberal coalition in 2015, the UK was the world’s third largest donor of foreign aid in 2016, after the US and Germany. The 0.7% target has received much criticism, especially from right-wing tabloids, as well as within the Conservative party, and even the cabinet. But in late April, the prime minister, Theresa May, confirmed that “the 0.7% commitment remains, and will remain”. Given such a firm commitment regarding the volume of UK aid, a more sensible debate is needed on what to spend this vast amount of money – around £12bn in 2016 – on. In particular, calls for using aid to support refugees arriving in the UK need scrutiny. WHAT COUNTS AS FOREIGN AID It is worth clarifying what foreign aid can and can’t be spent on. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the organisation which coordinates the activities of Western aid donors, sets the guidelines on what can be counted as aid – or “official development assistance”, to use DAC jargon. Most people would assume that what is reported as foreign aid by a donor actually goes to support development projects in poor countries. In reality, however, a number of expenditures can be classified as foreign aid, giving donors large scope in how to organise their international development activities. Expenditures such as membership fees of certain international organisations, peacekeeping, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, scientific cooperation, and even debt relief can all be classified as foreign aid. A donor’s administrative costs related to aid delivery, and the promotion of development awareness within the donor country can also be reported as aid, and so can the costs of caring for refugees in the donor country (during the first year following their arrival). NGOs have been highly critical about reporting refugee costs, debt relief, and donor administrative expenses as foreign aid. Some have been running a strong Europe-wide campaign for a decade now to exclude these expenses from aid-eligible costs, and force donors to focus on “genuine” aid. They define this as aid which is actually spent in a recipient country, rather than the donor country. AID FLOWS SHIFTING Since 1988, donors have been able to include the costs of caring for refugees – such as costs for housing, refugee camps, education, and living allowance for asylum seekers – as part of their aid. Many have, but Europe’s refugee crisis has led to a significant increase in this practice. According to new data recently released by DAC, Germany’s foreign aid, for example, jumped from almost $18 billion in 2015 to more than $24.5 billion in 2016, mainly due to an increase in refugee costs. As the graph below shows, in-country donor refugee costs accounted for 38% of all aid in Austria in 2016, and 34%, 25%, and 22% in Italy, Germany and Greece respectively. The average for all Western donors was close to 11% in 2016. The UK has so far been among the few donors who have tried to keep their foreign aid as “genuine” as possible, and did not include many refugee costs in these statistics. Historically, refugee costs made up around 0.1 to 0.3% of all UK aid, and while an upward trend began after 2013, it was still among the lowest among Western donors at 2.2% in 2015. This means that there is considerable scope for the UK to divert a part of its aid budget to fund the costs of hosting new refugees. SHORT-TERM THINKING There are, however, a number of reasons why the government should not give in to this temptation. First, Britain has carved out a reputation for itself as a highly effective and generous donor, a leading power in global development. The soft power and influence that this gives Britain should not be underestimated. In the past decade, the UK has clearly been able to punch above its weight in setting the agenda of the international development system. In a recent paper, together with Simon Lightfoot and Emma Mawdsley, I argued that the UK’s reputation is already under threat due to Brexit. The government should not do even more to undermine it by cutting genuine aid to spend it on hosting refugees in the UK. Second, diverting a part of the aid budget to fund refugee costs could embolden other demands for diverting aid. Some of these, such as the foreign secretary Boris Johnson’s idea of buying off Eastern European EU members to support UK demands during the Brexit negotiations, are nonsensical. Others, such as aligning UK aid and trade policy more closely have merits, but require detailed scrutiny. The poorest countries could be worse off from such realignment, something which goes against what British aid has stood for so far. This brings us to the third reason: cutting genuine aid perhaps poses even more dilemmas than increasing it does. Questions such as which partner countries should be dropped, or which programmes terminated, are highly complex. Beyond the ethical dilemmas of leaving the poor behind, stopping aid programmes requires careful planning, phasing out periods, and a cautious management of the relationship with the (former) partner. If it is not careful, Britain may end up hurting some of its long-term interests. Given the amount of pressure the government faces to maintain 0.7% GNI aid spending, some changes in how that aid is used are inevitable. But this should be done based on a thorough evaluation of British interests, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of British aid, and not short-term political interests and following what other donors are doing. [The Conversation] _Balazs Szent-Ivanyi does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond the academic appointment above._
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