Reid Ross's _Against the Fascist Creep_ is an insightful look at dangerous points of overlap between leftist and fascist ideologies. Fascists, he points out, often gain ground -- through a "fascist creep" or "drift" -- by deploying a form of "ethnocentric socialism" or the sort of right-wing populism seen in the US during the last election. [(Image: AK Press)](Image: AK Press) In light of the fact that Donald Trump is president, and that his consigliere Steve Bannon has publicly expressed a favorable view of the Italian fascist and SS enthusiast Julius Evola; considering the possibility that the neofascist Marine Le Pen's Front National could win the 2017 elections in France; and given the explosive violence targeting Muslims, Jews and people of color in the US since Trump's election, the time is certainly right to read and widely discuss Alexander Reid Ross's new book, _Against the Fascist Creep_ (AK Press, 2017). As the title suggests, Reid Ross is concerned here with the "fascist creep," which is related to the idea of the "fascist drift," or the disturbing attraction many 20th-century leftists felt for this new reactionary ideology. Fascists reject mainstream conservatism as decrepit and corrupt (see the contemporary alt-right's repudiation of the GOP), and while they violently oppose liberalism, socialism and anarchism, they paradoxically wield left-wing notions, such as solidarity and liberation as part of their ultranationalist schemes for a falsely classless society, which is to be characterized by "natural hierarchy." Fascism also relies heavily on myth, in the sense that its proponents seek to restore a "golden age" that supposedly existed in the putatively heroic past by means of "national revolution" against the existing liberal-parliamentarian order. This romantic-revolutionary element represents another commonality in the creep between fascism and leftism, considering the nostalgia for the precapitalist "lost paradise" that sometimes drives left-wing passions. In fact, Reid Ross writes that fascists gain ground precisely by deploying "some variant of racial, national, or ethnocentric socialism," opportunistically inverting the internationalist goals of socialism. Clearly, fascists and leftists differ principally on the question of egalitarianism, with the latter defending equality by organizing against capitalism, the state, borders, patriarchy and racism, while the former use these oppressive systems to reproduce inequality, domination and genocide. As Reid Ross explains, US fascists rely on the "radical" or _far_ right cesspool of authoritarian nativists, white supremacists, conservative "revolutionaries" and neoconservatives to mainstream their views, recruit, gain popularity and ultimately seize power. Indeed, we now confront a nightmarish playing-out of this scenario with Trump's rise to power. Yet the situation is distinct in Europe, where fascists have drawn heavily from the revolutionary-leftist tradition to advance their aims. In this sense, _Against the Fascist Creep_ is a clear warning to the left. FASCIST ORIGINS Reid Ross situates the historical origins of the fascist creep in imperialism, white supremacism and ableism, considering the models that prior Euro-American colonialists had handed down to Hitler and Mussolini, as during the "scramble for Africa" and the genocides of Indigenous peoples. Moreover, there was a clear connection between the Nazis' mass murder of people with disabilities, the Holocaust (otherwise known as the Shoah), and Hitler's plans to annihilate the Slavs and other non-Aryan peoples after defeating the Soviet Union. Jew-hatred, or anti-Semitism, characterizes fascism from its beginnings through to its Nazi embodiment and the present. Yet challengingly, Reid Ross demonstrates the "crossover" between fascism and revolutionary causes, such as syndicalism and ecology as well. The latter is seen in the commonalities among Romanticism, _völkisch_ ultranationalism and nature conservation -- for both Hitler and his National Socialism devotee Savitri Devi [an Anglo-European who embraced Hinduism] were vegetarians who loved animals, and the German Democratic Ecology Party has promoted Holocaust denial, while Earth First! has at some times in its history bolstered white supremacism through its appeals to Nordic paganism. The overlap between fascism and syndicalism is illuminated by the example of the _original fascist creep_, Georges Sorel, a revolutionary enthusiast of the "myth" of the general strike, whom Mussolini would declare as "our master," and who in turn supported _Il Duce_. Sorel's followers, founders of the Cercle Proudhon, emphasized this French anti-Semitic anarchist's anti-parliamentarianism while downplaying Proudhon's relative egalitarianism, leading to the paradoxical creation of the ultranationalist idea of national syndicalism that partly inspired Italian Fascism. Reid Ross explains that Mussolini sought to integrate syndicalism into a corporate state while repressing the left and projecting an image of societal regeneration. As is known, the "demonstration effect" of Mussolini's seizure of power through the October 1922 March on Rome influenced Hitler and the Nazis to declare "national revolution" and lead the Munich "Beer Hall _Putsch_" against the Bavarian government. With Hitler imprisoned following this failed uprising, Gregor and Otto Strasser pushed Nazi ideology toward _völkisch_ national socialism, proposing the mass deportation of Jews, the redistribution of property and syndicalist integration. Following Hitler's release, tensions raged between these competing factions -- the SA (or Brownshirts) and SS (or Blackshirts) -- as the Strassers, Ernst Röhm and the SA increasingly became a liability to the German ruling class, which sought to employ the Nazis against the workers. In 1930, Otto Strasser was expelled from the Nazi Party for supporting strikes, and he went on to found the "Black Front" and "Freedom Front" to undermine Hitler, but this "left faction" was eliminated with the SS's assassination of Röhm, Gregor Strasser and other SA leaders on the Night of Long Knives in July 1934. Meanwhile, the German Communist Party (KPD) considered a Nazi takeover preferable to the continuation of the Weimar Republic, and even in some ways worked with Hitler to undermine it, echoing the Stalinist conception that the social-democratic opposition was "social fascist." Nevertheless, one must not overlook the courageous self-defense efforts of the communists and the social democrats in the Red Front Fighters' Alliance (RFB) and Antifascist Action (AFA), as well as the Reichsbanner, respectively. The rest, from Hitler's takeover in January 1933 to World War II and the Shoah, is well known history, though Reid Ross's observation that Nazism in power served capitalism and tradition bears echoing, as it belies the fascist claim to revolutionism and commitment to workers' interests. This dynamic is reflected well in the substantial investment and political support afforded to Hitler and Francisco Franco by US corporations. POST-WAR FASCISM Unfortunately, the defeat of the Axis would not mark the end of fascist intrigue, as Nazi war criminals were rehabilitated in West Germany and served US imperialism in the Cold War. Evola, Otto Strasser and their followers continued to mobilize after WWII, particularly against NATO's presence in Europe -- so as to "liberate" the continent -- and in favor of the "strategy of tension" to strengthen state power, as seen in Italy and Latin America. Strasser's advocacy of a "third position" beyond capitalism and Stalinism influenced fascist and "national communist" movements in France and Italy, while the Evolian Alain de Benoist developed the theoretical underpinnings of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), which opposes equality in favor of apartheid, "difference" and "diversity," and calls for whites to mobilize pride for their ancestral, pagan past against the ostensible impositions of the Judeo-Christian, liberal-multicultural system. Transitioning from the Cold War to the present, Reid Ross identifies several continuities between historical and contemporary fascist creep. This plays out in five theaters: > • THE "RADICAL RIGHT": The non-fascist ethnocentric populism of > the far right is crucial in the fascistization process. In the US, > this has involved Willis Carto promoting the ideas of global racial > apartheid in the Right journal and working with white and Black > nationalists to oppose the supposed common enemy of Zionism. The > resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan under David Duke's leadership, > accelerating settler-colonial fantasies about creating a "white > homeland" in the Pacific Northwest, and the emergence of the > neo-Nazi "Order" terrorist group represent other important > historical examples of the cross-over between the far right and > fascism in the US. Moreover, the Patriot and Minutemen movements -- > allies to Pat Buchanan, the Tea Party and Trump -- are strongly tied > to the idea of private property, while the collaboration of the > "Chicago School" of market fanatics with Augusto Pinochet's fascism > is well known. An admirer of Pinochet and Franco, the rabid > anti-Semite Jean-Marie Le Pen and his Front National, followers of > the Nouvelle Droite, represent the French Radical Right, while the > Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) -- which narrowly lost the 2016 > presidential elections -- has advanced Holocaust denialism from its > beginnings. > • THE THIRD POSITION: Neo-Nazi nostalgia for Strasserism as an > alternative to Hitler was diffused in the 1980s through punk music, > particularly that of the band Death in June and the general "Rock > Against Communism" impetus that arose in response to the "Rock > Against Racism" directed at skinheads. Strasserism also informed the > White Aryan Resistance's (WAR) efforts to instigate racial war in > the US at this time, particularly in the idea of a "Wolfstadt" to be > declared in the Pacific Northwest, as well as Troy Southgate's > concept of "national anarchism," whereby left and right would unite > against the State and create new decentralized societies based on > strict racial separation. > > • NATIONAL BOLSHEVISM: Though first suggested by Strasser, the > unseemly idea of melding red and brown into "national Bolshevism" > took off in Russia and Germany following the collapse of the USSR. > The Evolian Alexander Dugin -- a major ally of Vladimir Putin's -- > hailed the "radically revolutionary and consistent fascist fascism" > surging in post-Soviet Russia as ultranationalists mercilessly > attacked foreigners in the streets and Boris Yeltsin and Putin > leveled Grozny, capital of Chechnya. Fascists from all over Europe > joined either side in the Yugoslavian Civil War as well. More > recently, Dugin has promoted his "fourth political theory" -- an > amalgam of fascism, irrationalism and traditionalism -- by uniting > "anti-imperialists" with "national conservatives." > > • FASCISTS OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: The 1990s and early 2000s saw > neofascist groups continue creeping by infiltrating the > anti-globalization, ecology, animal rights and anarchist movements, > attempting to reorient them into pro-fascist directions. This > phenomenon of entryism has typified the national-anarchist, > "pan-secessionist" and "autonomous-nationalist" tendencies (see > below). During this time were born Golden Dawn (Greece) and Jobbik > (Hungary), while the British National Party (BNP) swelled in > popularity; all of these groups follow the Nouvelle Droite and the > Third Position. > > • AUTONOMOUS NATIONALISM: Perhaps the most bizarre neofascist > formation is that of the "autonomous social nationalists," who mimic > their German anarchist predecessors the _Autonomen_ in style and > militancy, supporting syndicalism, radical ecology and > insurrectional street-fighting tactics against capital and the State > -- only that they also violently target immigrants, Jews, leftists > and Roma, seeking the creation of an > "authentic" _völkisch_ future for Germany. Autonomous > nationalists have also been active in Bulgaria and Ukraine, > particularly during the run-up to the "revolution" that occurred in > the latter country in 2014. CONTEMPORARY FASCISM AND RESISTANCE In the book's conclusion, Reid Ross examines several contemporary fascist trends that illustrate the text's main concerns, including the overlap between the "American Third Position" and the neo-Nazi American Freedom Party vis-à-vis the US libertarian-propertarian movement, the contradictory support and repulsion for Israel expressed by neofascists, the Orientalist impetus for "CounterJihad" and the idea of Occupy Wall Street bringing left and right together against the system. The author also raises the morbidly fascinating tendency of some known white nationalists publicly supporting people of color rebelling against US police as a means of accelerating state collapse. This seemingly contradictory posturing in fact brings up the larger tendency of "pan-secessionism," which is related to national anarchism, as its proponents seek to support Indigenous revolutionaries, Black militants, white supremacists and radical ecologists in organizing collective secession from the capital-state system. In point of fact, Reid Ross raises the case of Michael Schmidt, a Strasserite third-positionist and formerly well-known syndicalist historian whom the author courageously and rather controversially exposed in September 2015 as typifying these disturbing neoreactionary trends. Reid Ross also rightly identifies the contemporary alt-right's approach as desiring to deepen the ongoing crisis so that the retrograde ideologies this phenomenon represents can "come out on top," while knowingly observing -- in an echo of Albert Camus -- the crossover among post-anarchist nihilism, anti-civilizational deep ecological thought and neoreaction. Reid Ross's newest volume is an excellent and disconcerting study of fascism's origins, development, present and possible futures. _Against the Fascist Creep_ deserves the broadest possible audience. Hopefully, it can help to inspire a new mass movement to resist all authoritarian ideologies, whether emanating from the State or the "autonomous" grassroots. To overcome the severe threat that fascism and neofascism pose to the Earth and its peoples, only mutual aid and cooperation on a vast scale can succeed. We must press forward by struggling militantly against Trumpism, the "radical" right, Third Positionism, "autonomous nationalism" and authoritarian leftism alike. Against these myriad political and philosophical absurdities, let us advance global anti-authoritarian revolution.
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